Carbonization, also known as retorting, carbonization and coking, refers to the reaction process of heating decomposition of solid or organic substances under the condition of insulating air or heating solid substances to produce liquid or gas (usually solid) products. This process does not necessarily involve pyrolysis or pyrolysis. The products were collected after condensation. This process requires higher temperatures than conventional distillation. Dry distillation can be used to extract liquid fuel from carbon or wood. Dry distillation can also decompose mineral salts by pyrolysis. For example, sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide can be produced by sulfate dry distillation, and sulfuric acid can be obtained by dissolving in water. For coal dry distillation, coke, coal tar, crude ammonia water and gas can be obtained.

carbonization
Coal, wood and oil shale are heated and decomposed into gases (gas), liquids (tar) and solid (coke) products in isolated air. Tar vapor escapes from the coke oven with gas and can be recycled. Coke is released from the coke oven.
Carbonization and carbonization is a pyrolysis technology of biomass for the purpose of preparing corresponding carbon materials under anoxic or oxygen-poor conditions. The process is synchronized with the decomposition of biomass, wood fiber and lignin.
Process conditions
Coal, wood, oil shale, etc. are heated in isolation of air to decompose into products of gases (e.g. gas), liquids (e.g. tar) and solids (e.g. coke).

Retort furnace
Dry distillation equipment is generally industrial kiln, gas escaped from the kiln, and with tar vapor, can be recovered. Coke remains in the kiln. According to the final heating temperature, it can be generally divided into high-temperature retorting (about 900-1100 C), medium-temperature retorting (about 660-750 C) and low-temperature retorting (about 500-580 C). In addition, there are stacks of dry distillation or coal stack dry distillation. The relative quantity of gas, liquid and solid products from retorting varies with heating temperature, time and pressure. Therefore, different production purposes can be achieved by changing and adjusting the conditions of the retorting process.

Dehydration carbonization
Dehydration and carbonization refers to the removal of organic matter from other elements and the retention of carbon. For example, when concentrated sulfuric acid has strong dehydration ability, the hydrogen and oxygen elements in the organic matter are removed according to the composition ratio of water (2:1), leaving black carbon, thus carbonizing the other side. The actual dehydration of hydrogen and oxygen does not mean that the substance contains water.